Recycling - Wikipedia. The three chasing arrows of the international recycling logo. It is sometimes accompanied by the text . The District offers numerous free or partially subsidized programs focused on reducing waste for schools that recycle and are registered with the District's Recycling. Pratt Industries recycles a wide range of materials which are collected in our Residential, Community, School and Commercial and Industrial recycling programs. Welcome to an Engaged Community There's a better way to personalize your website experience. With myConnection, the profile you create allows you to set up a unique. The composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste. However, this is often difficult or too expensive (compared with producing the same product from raw materials or other sources), so . Another form of recycling is the salvage of certain materials from complex products, either due to their intrinsic value (such as lead from car batteries, or gold from circuit boards), or due to their hazardous nature (e. History. During periods when resources were scarce, archaeological studies of ancient waste dumps show less household waste (such as ash, broken tools and pottery). The main driver for these types of recycling was the economic advantage of obtaining recycled feedstock instead of acquiring virgin material, as well as a lack of public waste removal in ever more densely populated areas. This material combined recycled fibers with virgin wool. The West Yorkshire shoddy industry in towns such as Batley and Dewsbury, lasted from the early 1. A Portland based non profit that provides free computers and education to those in need through the reuse and recycling of old computers in exchange for community. The polyurethane foam, steel springs and wood frames from Californians’ used mattresses will soon become the material for carpet padding, landscaping mulch and new. See details about recycling, trash, and yard trim programs for your single-family or town house, apartment or condominium, or business or organization. Compact Fluorescent Light Bulb (CFL) Recycling (Public Works Currently Accepting Items for Recycling) Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) have been in the media. Industrialization spurred demand for affordable materials; aside from rags, ferrous scrap metals were coveted as they were cheaper to acquire than virgin ore. Railroads both purchased and sold scrap metal in the 1. Many secondary goods were collected, processed and sold by peddlers who scoured dumps and city streets for discarded machinery, pots, pans and other sources of metal. By World War I, thousands of such peddlers roamed the streets of American cities, taking advantage of market forces to recycle post- consumer materials back into industrial production. Bakelite (1. 90. 7) and promised to transform valueless into valuable materials. Proverbially, you could not make a silk purse of a sow's ear. Little published in 1. New and better paths are opened to reach the goals desired. During the war, financial constraints and significant material shortages due to war efforts made it necessary for countries to reuse goods and recycle materials. Recycling household materials meant more resources for war efforts and a better chance of victory. They began to export the problem to developing countries without enforced environmental legislation. This is cheaper, as recycling computer monitors in the United States costs 1. China. Demand in Asia for electronic waste began to grow when scrap yards found that they could extract valuable substances such as copper, silver, iron, silicon, nickel and gold, during the recycling process. Three legislative options have been used to create such a supply: mandatory recycling collection, container deposit legislation and refuse bans. Mandatory collection laws set recycling targets for cities to aim for, usually in the form that a certain percentage of a material must be diverted from the city's waste stream by a target date. The city is then responsible for working to meet this target. When a product in such a container is purchased, a small surcharge is added to the price. This surcharge can be reclaimed by the consumer if the container is returned to a collection point. These programs have been very successful, often resulting in an 8. In the European Union, the WEEE Directive requires producers of consumer electronics to reimburse the recyclers' costs. One aim of this method is to create a viable economy for proper disposal of banned products. Care must be taken that enough of these recycling services exist, or such bans simply lead to increased illegal dumping. Four methods of such legislation exist: minimum recycled content mandates, utilization rates, procurement policies and recycled product labeling. Content mandates specify that a certain percentage of a new product must consist of recycled material. Utilization rates are a more flexible option: industries are permitted to meet the recycling targets at any point of their operation or even contract recycling out in exchange for tradeable credits. Opponents to both of these methods point to the large increase in reporting requirements they impose, and claim that they rob industry of necessary flexibility. Additional regulations can target specific cases: in the United States, for example, the Environmental Protection Agency mandates the purchase of oil, paper, tires and building insulation from recycled or re- refined sources whenever possible. When producers are required to label their packaging with amount of recycled material in the product (including the packaging), consumers are better able to make educated choices. Consumers with sufficient buying power can then choose more environmentally conscious options, prompt producers to increase the amount of recycled material in their products, and indirectly increase demand. Standardized recycling labeling can also have a positive effect on supply of recyclates if the labeling includes information on how and where the product can be recycled. For example, plastic bottles that are collected can be re- used and made into plastic pellets, a new product. Recyclate quality is generally referring to how much of the raw material is made up of target material compared to the amount of non- target material and other non- recyclable material. If the recyclate is of poor quality, it is more likely to end up being down- cycled or, in more extreme cases, sent to other recovery options or landfilled. This can affect the quality of final recyclate streams or require further efforts to discard those materials at later stages in the recycling process. Depending on which materials are collected together, extra effort is required to sort this material back into separate streams and can significantly reduce the quality of the final product. Sorting facilities are not one hundred per cent effective in separating materials, despite improvements in technology and quality recyclate which can see a loss in recyclate quality. Reprocessing facilities may require further sorting steps to further reduce the amount of non- target and non- recyclable material. These systems lie along the spectrum of trade- off between public convenience and government ease and expense. The three main categories of collection are . The main categories are mixed waste collection, commingled recyclables and source separation. This results in a large amount of recyclable waste, paper especially, being too soiled to reprocess, but has advantages as well: the city need not pay for a separate collection of recyclates and no public education is needed. Any changes to which materials are recyclable is easy to accommodate as all sorting happens in a central location. This greatly reduces the need for post- collection cleaning but does require public education on what materials are recyclable. This method requires the least post- collection sorting and produces the purest recyclates, but incurs additional operating costs for collection of each separate material. An extensive public education program is also required, which must be successful if recyclate contamination is to be avoided. Advances in sorting technology (see sorting below), however, have lowered this overhead substantially. The post- processed material can then be sold on, hopefully creating a profit. Unfortunately, government subsidies are necessary to make buy- back centres a viable enterprise, as according to the U. S. National Waste & Recycling Association, it costs on average US$5. US$3. 0. They are the easiest type of collection to establish, but suffer from low and unpredictable throughput. Distributed Recycling. Preliminary life- cycle analysis (LCA) indicates that such distributed recycling of HDPE to make filament of 3- D printers in rural regions is energetically favorable to either using virgin resin or conventional recycling processes because of reductions in transportation energy. This is done in a series of stages, many of which involve automated processes such that a truckload of material can be fully sorted in less than an hour. In plants, a variety of materials are sorted such as paper, different types of plastics, glass, metals, food scraps and most types of batteries. Large pieces of corrugated fiberboard and plastic bags are removed by hand at this stage, as they can cause later machinery to jam. Cardboard is removed from the mixed paper and the most common types of plastic, PET (#1) and HDPE (#2), are collected. This separation is usually done by hand but has become automated in some sorting centers: a spectroscopic scanner is used to differentiate between different types of paper and plastic based on the absorbed wavelengths, and subsequently divert each material into the proper collection channel. Non- ferrous metals are ejected by magnetic eddy currents in which a rotating magnetic fieldinduces an electric current around the aluminum cans, which in turn creates a magnetic eddy current inside the cans. This magnetic eddy current is repulsed by a large magnetic field, and the cans are ejected from the rest of the recyclate stream. It may either be sorted by hand. Glass fragments smaller than 1. Recycled materials can also be converted into new products that can be consumed again, such as paper, plastic and glass. Since no trace of biodegradable material is best kept in the packaging before placing it in a trash bag, some packaging also needs to be rinsed. The ubiquitous nature of cardboard packaging makes cardboard a commonly recycled waste product by companies that deal heavily in packaged goods, like retail stores, warehouses and distributors of goods. Other industries deal in niche or specialized products, depending on the nature of the waste materials that are present. The glass, lumber, wood pulp and paper manufacturers all deal directly in commonly recycled materials; however, old rubber tires may be collected and recycled by independent tire dealers for a profit. Levels of metals recycling are generally low.
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